Chapter :
Where possible, references have been linked to PubMed, the National Center for Biotechnology Information’s online database of journal article citations. Citations that do not include links to PubMed are either referring to papers that are too old to be included in PubMed, or to books, which are not listed on PubMed.
Abel, E. L. and R. J. Sokol. 1987. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and economic impact of FAS-related anomalies. Drug Alcohol Depend. 19: 51–70.
PubMed Link
Adeoya-Osiguwa, S. A., S. Markoulaki, V. Pocock, S. R. Milligan and L. R. Fraser. 2003. 17b Estradiol and environmental estrogens significantly affect mammalian sperm function. Hum. Reprod. 18: 100–107.
PubMed Link
Ahlgren, S. C., V. Thakur and M. Bronner-Fraser. 2002. Sonic hedgehog rescues cranial neural crest from cell death induced by ethanol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 10476–10481.
PubMed Link
Ainsworth, C. 2005. Lost in translation. Nature 435: 556–558.
PubMed Link
Aitken, R. J., P. Koopman, and S. E. Lewis. 2004. Seeds of concern. Nature 432: 48–52.
PubMed Link
Altucci, L. and H. Gronemeyer. 2001. The promise of retinoids to fight against cancer. Nature Rev. Cancer 1: 181–193.
PubMed Link
Anderson, H. F. 1998. Human gene therapy. Nature 392: 25–30.
Anway, M. D., A. S. Cupp, M. Uzumcu, and M. K. Skipper. 2005. Epigenetic transgeneration effects of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science 308: 1466–1469.
PubMed Link
Arnett, H. A. and 9 others. 2004. bHLH transcription factor Olig1 is required to repair demyelinated lesions in the CNS. Science 306: 2111–2115.
PubMed Link
Atreya, C. D. K. V. K. Mohan, and S. Kulkarni. 2004. Rubella virus and birth defects: Molecular insights into the viral teratogenesis at the cellular level. Birth Def. Res. A. 70: 431–437.
PubMed Link
Ausprunk, D. H. and J. Folkman. 1977. Migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in preformed and newly formed blood vessels during tumor angiogenesis. Microvasc. Res. 14: 53–65.
PubMed Link
Azzouz, M. and 7 others. 2004. VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model. Nature 429: 413–417.
PubMed Link
Baksh, D. L. Song, and R. S. Tuan. 2004. Adult mesenchymal stem cells: Characterization, differentiation, and application in cell and gene therapy. J. Cell Mol. Med. 8: 301–316.
PubMed Link
Barberi, T. and 13 others. Neural subtype specification of fertilization and nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells and application in Parkinsonian mice. Nature Biotechnol. 21: 1200–1207.
PubMed Link
Barinaga, M. 1995. Shedding light on blindness. Science 267: 452–453.
PubMed Link
Barker, D. J. P. 1994a. The fetal origins of adult disease. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. B 262: 37-43.
PubMed Link
Barker, D. J. P. 1994b. Mothers, Babies, and Disease in Later Life. B. M. J. Publishing, London.
Barnes, G. L. Jr., B. D. Mariani and R. S. Tuan.1996. Valproic acid-induced somite teratogenesis in the chick embryo: Relationship with Pax-1 gene expression. Teratology 54: 93–102.
PubMed Link
Beachy, P. A. and 7 others. 1997. Multiple roles of cholesterol in Hedgehog protein biogenesis and signaling. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 62: 191–204.
PubMed Link
Bell, S. E. 1986. A new model of medical technology development: A case study of DES. Sociol. Health Care 4: 1–32.
Bellinger, D. C. 2005. Teratogen update: Lead and pregnancy. Birth Def. Res. A. 73: 409–420.
PubMed Link
Bellus, G. A., K. Gaudenz, E. H. Zackai, L. A. Clarke, J. Szabo, C. A. Francomano and M. Muenke. 1996. Identical mutations in three fibroblast growth factor receptor genes in autosomal dominant craniosynostosis syndromes. Nature Genet. 14: 174–176.
PubMed Link
Benson, G. V., H. Lim, B. C. Paria, I. Satokata, S. K. Dey and R. Maas. 1996. Mechanisms of female infertility in Hoxa-10 mutant mice: Uterine homeosis versus loss of maternal Hoxa-10 expression. Development 122: 2687–2696.
PubMed Link
Berman, D. M. and 10 others. 2002. Medulloblastoma growth inhibition by Hedgehog pathway blockade. Science 297: 1559–1561.
PubMed Link
Berman, D. M. and 10 others. 2003. Widespread requirement for Hedgehog ligand stimulation in growth of digestive tract tumors. Nature 425: 846–851.
PubMed Link
Bhattacharya, S. and A. Templeton. 2000. In treating infertility, are multiple pregnancies unavoidable? N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 58–60.
PubMed Link
Bissell, M. J., D. C. Radisky, A. Rizki, V. M. Weaver and O. W. Petersen. 2002. The organizing principle: Microenvironmental influences in the normal and malignant breast. Differentiation 70: 537–546.
PubMed Link
Bjorklund, L. M. and 9 others. 2002. Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a Parkinson rat model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 2344–2349.
PubMed Link
Blaese, R. M. and 9 others. 1995. T lymphocyte-directed gene therapy for ADA-SCID: Initial trial results after 4 years. Science 270: 475–480.
PubMed Link
Blaheta, R. A., H. Nau, M. Michaelis and J. Cinatl, Jr. 2002. Valproate and valproate analogues: Potent tools to fight against cancer. Curr. Med. Chem. 9: 1417–1433.
PubMed Link
Boehm, T., J. Folkman, T. Browder and M. S. O’Reilly. 1997. Antiangiogenic therapy of experimental cancer does not induce acquired drug resistance. Nature 390: 404–407.
PubMed Link
Boiani, M., S. Eckardt, H. R. Scholer and K. J. McLaughlin. 2002. Oct4 distribution and level in mouse clones: Consequences for pluripotency. Genes Dev. 16: 1209–1219.
PubMed Link
Bonadio, J., E. Smiley, P. Patil and S. Goldstein. 1999. Localized, direct plasmid gene delivery in vivo: Prolonged therapy results in reproducible tissue regeneration. Nature Med. 5: 753–759.
PubMed Link
Bonnet, D. and J. E. Dick. 1997. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive haematopoietic cell. Nature Medicine 3: 730–737.
PubMed Link
Boué, A., J. Boué and A. Gropp. 1985. Cytogenetics of pregnancy wastage. Adv. Hum. Genet. 14: 1–57.
PubMed Link
Boutin, E. L. and G. R. Cunha. 1997. Estrogen-induced proliferation and cornification are uncoupled in sinus vaginal epithelium associated with uterine stroma. Differentiation 62: 171–178.
PubMed Link
Bradbury, E. J. and 7 others. 2002. Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nature 416: 636–640.
PubMed Link
Brown, V. and 10 others. 2001. Microarray identification of FMRP-associated brain mRNAs and altered mRNA translational profiles in fragile-X syndrome. Cell 107:477–487.
PubMed Link
Brüstle, O. and 7 others. 1999. Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors: A source of myelinating transplants. Science 285: 754–756.
PubMed Link
Burns, S. P. and 7 others. 1997. Gluconeogenesis, glucose handling, and structural changes in livers of the adult offspring of rats partially deprived of protein during pregnancy and lactation. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 1768–1774.
PubMed Link
Cagen, S. Z. and 10 others. 1999. Normal reproductive organ development in CF-1 mice following prenatal exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicol. Sci. 50: 36–44.
PubMed Link
Cao, Y. and R. Cao. 1999. Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea. Nature 398: 381.
PubMed Link
Carlsen, E., A. Giwercman, N. Keiding and N. Skakkebæk. 1992. Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. Brit. Med J. 305: 609–613.
PubMed Link
Carlson, B. M. 2005. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, 3rd Ed. Mosby, New York.
Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
Carvey, P. M., Z. D. Ling, C. E. Sortwell, M. R. Pitzer, S. O. McGuire, A. Storch and T. J. Collier. 2001. A clonal line of mesencephalic progenitor cells converted to dopamine neurons by hematopoietic cytokines: A source of cells for transplantation in Parkinson’s disease. Exp. Neurol. 171: 98–108.
PubMed Link
CDC(Centers for Disease Control). 2002a. ART 1997: National Summary. http://www2.cdc.gov/nccdphp/drh/art97/nation97.asp
CDC (Centers for Disease Control). 2002b. Rubella near elimination in the United States. Press release at http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r020429.htm
Chan, A. W. S., K. Y. Chong, C. Martinovich, C. Simerly and G. Schatten. 2001. Transgenic monkeys produced by retroviral gene transfer into mature oocytes. Science 291: 309–312.
PubMed Link
Check, E. 2002. A tragic setback. Nature 420: 116–118.
PubMed Link
Chen, M. S. and 7 others. 2000. Nogo-A is a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1. Nature 403: 434–439.
PubMed Link
Chrisman, K., R. Kenney, J. Comin, T. Thal, L. Suchoki, Y. G. Yueh, and D. F. Gardner. 2004. Gestational ethanol exposure disrupts the expression of Fgf8 and Sonic hedgehog during limb patterning. Birth Def. Res. A 70: 163–171.
PubMed Link
Clarren, S. K. 1986. Neuropathology in the fetal alcohol syndrome. In J. R. West (ed.), Alcohol and Brain Development. Oxford University Press, New York.
Cohen, M. M. Jr. 2003. Neoplasms associated with alterations in fig=broblast growth factor receptors. Amer. J. Med. Genet. 119A: 97–100.
PubMed Link
Cohlan, S. Q. 1953. Excessive intake of vitamin A as a cause of congenital anomalies in the rat. Science 117: 535–537.
PubMed Link
Colborn, T., D. Dumanoski and J. P. Myers. 1996. Our Stolen Future. Dutton, New York.
Coleman, H., J. Nabekura and J. W. Lichtman. 1997. Alterations in synaptic strength preceding axon withdrawal. Science 275: 356–361.
PubMed Link
Collins, F. S. 1992. Positional cloning: Let’s not call it reverse anymore. Nature Genet. 1: 3–6.
PubMed Link
Cooper, T. A. and W. Mattox. 1997. The regulation of splice-site selection, and its role in human disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61: 259–266.
PubMed Link
Cowan, C. A., J. Atienza, D. A. Melton, and K. Eggan. 2005. Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells after fusion with human embryonic stem cells. Science 309: 1369–1373.
PubMed Link
D’Amato, R. J., M. S. Loughnan, E. Flynn and J. Folkman.1994. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4082–4085.
PubMed Link
Darnell, J. C., K. B. Jensen, P. Jin, V. Brown, S. T. Warren and R. B. Darnell. 2001. Fragile X mental retardation protein targets G quartet mRNAs important for neuronal function. Cell 107: 489–499.
PubMed Link
Davis, W. L., L. A. Crawford, O. Cooper, G. R. Farmer, D. Thomas and B. L. Freeman. 1990. Ethanol induces the generation of reactive free radicals by neural crest cells in culture. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. 10: 277–293.
PubMed Link
Dean, M., T. Fojo, and S. Bates. 2005. Tumour stem cells and drug resistance. Nature Rev. Cancer 5: 275–284.
PubMed Link
De Boulle, K. and 9 others. 1993. A point mutation in the FMR-1 gene associated with fragile X mental retardation. Nat. Genet. 3: 31–35.
PubMed Link
Dezawa, M. and 7 others. 2005. Bone marrow stromal cells generate muscle cells and repair muscle degeneration. Science 309: 314–317.
PubMed Link
Di Berardino, M. A. 2001. Animal cloning: The route to new genomics in agriculture and medicine. Differentiation 68: 67–83.
PubMed Link
Dorris, M. 1989. The Broken Cord. Harper and Row, New York.
Dredge, K. and 7 others. 2002. Novel thalidomide analogues display anti-angiogenic activity independently of immunomodulatory effects. Brit. J. Cancer 87: 1166–1172.
PubMed Link
Drukker, M. and 8 others. 2002. Characterization of the expression of MHC proteins in human embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 9864–9869.
PubMed Link
Dudek, R. W. and J. T. Fix. 1998. Embryology. Lippincott/Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Duty, S. M. and 8 others. 2003. The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environ. Health Perspect. 111:1164–1169.
PubMed Link
Eck, S. L. 1999. The prospects for gene therapy. Hosp. Pract. 34: 67–75.
PubMed Link
Edmonds, D. K., K. S. Lindsay, J. F. Miller, E. Williamson and P. J. Wood. 1982. Early embryonic mortality in women. Fertil. Steril. 38: 447–453.
PubMed Link
Edwards, M. 1994. Pollution in the former Soviet Union: Lethal legacy. Natl. Geog. 186(2): 70–115.
Eldadah, Z. A., T. Brenn, H. Furthmayr and H. C. Dietz. 1995. Expression of a mutant human fibrillin allele upon a normal human or murine genetic background recapitulates a Marfan cellular phenotype. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 874–880.
PubMed Link
Epstein, C. J., R. P. Erickson and A. Wynshaw-Boris (eds.). 2003. General principles of differentiation and morphogenesis. In The Molecular Basis of Inborn Errors of Development. Oxford University Press, New York. In press.
Ermak, G., T. E. Morgan and K. J. Davies. 2001. Chronic overexpression of the calcineurin inhibitory gene DSCR1 (Adapt78) is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 38787–38794.
PubMed Link
Ermak, G., C. D. Harris and K. J. Davies. 2002. The DSCR1 (Adapt78) isoform 1 protein calcipressin 1 inhibits calcineurin and protects against acute calcium-mediated stress damage, including transient oxidative stress. FASEB J. 16: 814–824.
PubMed Link
Eto, K. 2000. Minamata disease. Neuropathology 20 (Suppl.): S14–S19.
PubMed Link
Eto, K. and 7 others. 2001. Methylmercury poisoning in common marmosets: A study of selective vulnerability within the cerebral cortex. Toxicol. Pathol. 29: 565–573.
PubMed Link
Fairchild, W. L., E. O. Swansburg, J. T. Arsenault and S. B. Brown. 1999. Does an association between pesticide use and subsequent declines in catch of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) represent a case of endocrine disruption? Environ. Health Perspect. 107: 349–358.
PubMed Link
Feng, Y., D. Absher, D. E. Eberhart, V. Brown, H. E. Malter and S. T. Warren. 1997a. FMRP associates with polyribosomes as an mRNP, and the I304N mutation of severe fragile X syndrome abolishes this association. Mol. Cell 1: 109–118.
PubMed Link
Feng, Y., C. A. Gutekunst, D. E. Eberhart, H. Yi, S. T. Warren and S. M. Hersch. 1997b. Fragile X mental retardation protein: Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and association with somatodendritic ribosomes. J. Neurosci. 17: 1539–1547.
PubMed Link
Folkman, J. 1974. Tumor angiogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 19: 331–358.
PubMed Link
Folkman, J. and R. Kalluri. 2004. Cancer without disease. Nature 427: 787.
PubMed Link
Folkman, J. P., P. Hahnfeldt and L. Hlatky. 2000. Cancer: Looking outside the genome. Nature Rev. Cell Biol. 1: 76–79.
PubMed Link
Fontana, J. A. and A. K. Rishi. 2002. Classical and novel retinoids: Their targets in cancer therapy. Leukemia 16: 463–472.
PubMed Link
Foty, R. A. and M. S. Steinberg. 1997. Measurement of tumor cell cohesion and suppression of invasion by E- and P-cadherin. Cancer Res. 57: 5033–5036.
PubMed Link
Foty, R. A. and M. S. Steinberg. 2004. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and tissue segregation in relation to malignancy. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48: 397–409.
PubMed Link
Fowden, A. L. and A. J. Forhead. 2004. Endocrine mechanisms of intrauterine programming. Reproduction 127: 515–526.
PubMed Link
Franco, B. and 12 others. 1995. A cluster of sulfatase genes on Xp22.3: Mutations in chondrodysplasia punctata (CDPX) and implications for warfarin embryopathy. Cell 81: 15–21.
PubMed Link
Freire-Maia, N. 1975. A heterozygote expression of a “recessive” gene. Hum. Hered. 25: 302–304.
PubMed Link
Fuentes, J. J., L. Genesca, T. J. Kingsbury, K. W. Cunningham, M. Perez-Riba, X. Estivill and S. de la Luna. 2000. DSCR1, overexpressed in Down syndrome, is an inhibitor of calcineurin-mediated signaling pathways. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9: 1681–1690.
PubMed Link
Fukuyama, F. 2002. Our Post-Human Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, NY.
Gage, F. H. 1998. Cell therapy. Nature 392: 18–24.
PubMed Link
Garraway, L. A. and 17 others. 2005. Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma. Nature 436: 117–122.
PubMed Link
Gearhart, J. 1998. New potential for human embryonic stem cells. Science 282: 1061–1062.
Gilbert, S. F., A. L. Tyler, and E. J. Zackin. 2005. Bioethics and the New Embryology: Springboards for Debate. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Giroud, A. and M. Martinet. 1959. Teratogenese pur hypervitaminose A chez le rat, la souris, le cobaye, et le lapin. Arch. Fr. Pediatr. 16: 971–980.
Glausiusz, J. 2002. The woes of the clones. Discover 23(8): 11.
Gleicher, N., D. M. Oleske, I. Tur-Kaspa, A. Vidali and V. Karande. 2000. Reducing the risk of high-order multiple pregnancy after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 2–7.
PubMed Link
Gluckman, P. D. and M. A. Hanson. 2004. Living with the past: Evolution, development, and patterns of disease. Science 305: 1733–1739.
PubMed Link
Gluckman, P. D. and M. A. Hanson. 2005. The Fetal Matrix: Evolution, Development, and Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Golden, J. 2005. Message in a Bottle: The Making of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Goulding, E. H. and R. M. Pratt. 1986. Isotretinoin teratogenicity in mouse whole embryo culture. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. 6: 99–112.
PubMed Link
GrandPré, T., F. Nakamura, T. Vartanian and S. M. Strittmatter. 2000. Identification of the Nogo inhibitor of axon regeneration as a reticulon protein. Nature 403: 439–442.
GrandPré, T., S. Li and S. M. Strittmatter. 2002. Nogo-66 receptor antagonist peptide promotes axonal regeneration. Nature 417: 547–551.
PubMed Link
Gregg, N. M. 1941. Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans. Opthalmol. Soc. Aust. 3: 35.
PubMed Link
Grignani, F. and 14 others. 1998. Fusion proteins of the retinoic acid receptor-alpha recruit histone deacetylase in promyelocytic leukaemia. Nature 391: 815–818.
PubMed Link
Grüneberg, H. 1938. An analysis of the “pleiotropic” effects of a new lethal mutation in the rat (Mus norwegicus). Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 125: 123–144.
Gu, Z. D., J. Y. Li, M. Li, J. Gu, X. T. Shi, Y. Ke and K. N. Chen. 2005. Matrix metalloproteinases expression correlates with survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Amer. J. Gastroenterol. 100: 1835–1843.
PubMed Link
Hadorn, E. 1955. Letalfaktoren in ihrer Bedeutung für Erbpathologie und Genphysiologie der Entwicklung. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.
Hales, C. N. and Barker, D. J. P. 1992. Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 35: 1019-1022.
PubMed Link
Hales, C. N. and D. J. Barker. 2001. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Brit. Med. Bull. 60: 5–20.
PubMed Link
Hales, C. N. and 6 others. 1991. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. Brit. Med. J. 303: 1019-1022.
PubMed Link
Hanahan, D. and J. Folkman. 1996. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 86: 353–364.
PubMed Link
Hansen, L. A., C. C. Sigman, F. Andreola, S. A. Ross, G. J. Kelloff and L. M. De Luca. 2000. Retinoids in chemoprevention and differentiation therapy. Carcinogenesis 21: 1271–1279.
PubMed Link
Haraway, D. 1997. Modest-Witness@Second-Millenium. Routledge, New York.
Hemesath, T. J. and 9 others. 1994. Microphthalmia, a critical factor in melanocyte development, defines a discrete transcription factor family. Genes Dev. 8: 2770–2780.
PubMed Link
Herman-Giddens, M. E., E. J. Slora, R. C. Wasserman, C. J. Bourdony, M. V. Bhapkar, G. G. Koch and C. M. Hasemeir. 1997. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: A study from the pediatric research in office settings network. Pediatrics 99: 505–512.
PubMed Link
Hill, M., C. Stabile, L. K. Steffen and A. Hill. 2002. Toxic effects of endocrine disrupters on freshwater sponges: common developmental abnormalities. Environ. Pollut. 117: 295–300.
PubMed Link
Hirata, Y. M. Sata, N. Motomura, M. Takanashi, Y. Suematsu, M. Ono, and S. Takamoto. Human umbilical cord blood cells improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 327: 609–614.
PubMed Link
Hodgkinson, C. A., K. J. Moore, A. Nakayama, E. Steingrimsson, N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins and H. Arnheiter. 1994. Mutations at the mouse microphthalmia locus are associated with defects in a gene encoding a novel basic helix-loop-helix-zipper protein. Cell 74: 395–404.
PubMed Link
Hoffman, L. M. and W. M. Kulyk. 1999. Alcohol promotes in vitro chondrogenesis in embryonic facial mesenchyme. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 43: 167–74.
PubMed Link
Holmes, L. B. 1979. Radiation. In V. C. Vaughan, R. J. McKay and R. D. Behrman (eds.), Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 11th Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Howdeshell, K. L., A. K. Hotchkiss, K. A. Thayer, J. G. Vandenbergh and F. S. vom Saal. 1999. Plastic bisphenol A speeds growth and puberty. Nature 401: 762–764.
PubMed Link
Howdeshell, K., L., and 7 others. 2003. Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature. Envir. Health Persp. 111: 1180–1187.
PubMed Link
Hughes, A. E., V. E. Newton, X. Z. Liu and A. P. Read. 1994. A gene for Waardenburg Syndrome type II maps close to the human homologue of the microphthalmia gene at chromosome 3 p12–p14.1. Nature Genet. 7: 509–512.
PubMed Link
Humphreys, D. and 8 others. 2002. Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 12889–12894.
PubMed Link
Hunt, P. A. and 8 others. 2003. Bisphenol A exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Curr. Biol. 13: 546–553.
PubMed Link
Hutchinson, S., B. P. Wordsworth and P. A. Handford. 2001. Marfan syndrome caused by a mutation in FBN1 that gives rise to cryptic splicing and a 33-nucleotide insertion in the coding sequence. Hum. Genet. 109: 416–420.
PubMed Link
Ikezuki, Y., O. Tsutsumi, Y. Tahai, Y. Kamzi and Y. Taketa. 2002. Determination of bisphenol A concentrations in human biological fluids reveals significant prenatal exposure. Human Reprod. 17: 2839–2841.
PubMed Link
Illmensee, K. and B. Mintz. 1976. Totipotency and normal differentiation of single teratocarcinoma cells cloned by injection into blastocysts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 549–553.
PubMed Link
Jaenisch, R. 2004. Human cloning: the science and ethics of nuclear transplantation. New Engl. J. Med. 351: 2787–2791.
PubMed Link
Jain, M. and 8 others. 2002. Sustained loss of neoplastic phenotype by brief inactivation of MYC. Science 297: 102–104.
PubMed Link
Jiang, Y. and 15 others. 2002a. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 418: 41–49.
PubMed Link
Jiang, Y., B. Vaessen, T. Lenvik, M. Blackstad, M. Reyes and C. M. Verfaillie. 2002b. Multipotent progenitor cells can be isolated from postnatal murine bone marrow, muscle, and brain. Exp. Hematol. 30: 896–904.
PubMed Link
Johansson, C. B., S. Mamma, D. L. Clarke, M. Rislig, U. Lendahl and J. Frisén. 1999. Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Cell 96: 25–34.
PubMed Link
Johe, K. K., T. G. Hazel, T. Muller, M. M. Dugich-Djordjevic and R. D. G. McKay. 1996. Single factors direct the differentiation of stem cells from the fetal and adult central nervous system. Genes Dev. 10: 917–927.
PubMed Link
Johnson, E. M. 1980. Screening for teratogenic potential: Are we asking the proper questions? Teratology 21: 259.
Johnston, M. C., K. K. Sulik, W. S. Webster and B. L. Jarvis. 1985. Isotretinoin embryopathy in a mouse model: Cranial neural crest involvement. Teratology 31: 26A.
Jones, K. L. and D. W. Smith. 1973. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet 2: 999–1001.
PubMed Link
Kanavakis, E. and J. Traeger-Synodinos. 2002. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in clinical practice. J. Med. Genet. 39: 6–11.
PubMed Link
Kaufman, D. S., E. T. Hanson, R. L. Lewis, R. Auerbach and J. A. Thomson. 2001. Hematopoietic colony-forming cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 10716–10721.
PubMed Link
Keirstead, H. S., S. V. Morgan, M. J. Wilby and J. W. Fawcett. 1999. Enhanced axonal regeneration following combined demyelination plus Schwann cell transplantation therapy in the injured adult spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 159: 225–236.
PubMed Link
Keller, G., G. Zimmer, G. Mall, E. Ritz, and K. Amann. 2003. Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. New Engl. J. Med. 348: 101–108.
PubMed Link
Kerbel, R. and J. Folkman. 2002. Clinical translation of angiogenesis inhibitors. Nature Rev. Cancer 2: 727–739.
PubMed Link
Kerr, D. A. 9 others. 2003. Human embryonic germ cell derivatives facilitate motor neuron recovery of rats with diffuse motor neuron injury. J. Neurosci. 23: 5131–5140.
PubMed Link
Khosrotchani, K. and D. W. Bianchi. 2005. Multilineage potential of fetal cells in maternal tissue: A legacy in reverse. J. Cell Sci. 118: 1559–1563.
PubMed Link
Khosrotchani, K., K. L. Johnson, D. H. Cha, R. N. Salomon, and D. W. Bianchi. 2004. Transfer of fetal cells with multilineage potential to maternal tissue. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 292: 75–80.
PubMed Link
Kim, J. H. and 10 others. 2002. Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease. Nature 418: 50–56.
PubMed Link
Kitajewsky, J. and D. Sassoon. 2000. The emergence of molecular gynecology: Homeobox and Wnt genes in the female reproductive tract. BioEssays 22: 902–910.
PubMed Link
Kim, H. S. and 8 others. 2002. Comparative estrogenic effects of p-nonylphenol by 3-day uterotrophic assay and female pubertal onset assay. Reprod. Toxicol. 16: 259–268.
PubMed Link
Kochhar, D. M., J. D. Penner and C. Tellone. I. 1984. Comparative teratogenic activities of two retinoids: Effects on palate and limb development. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 4: 377–387.
PubMed Link
Kogler, G. and 20 others. 2004. A new human somatic stem cell from placental cord blood with intrinsic pluripotent differentiation potential. J. Exp. Med. 200: 123–135.
PubMed Link
Kondo, K. 2000. Congenital Minamata disease: Warnings from Japan’s experience. J. Child Neurol. 15: 458–464.
PubMed Link
Kondo,T., S. A. Johnson, M. C. Yoder, R. Romand, and E. Hashino. 2005. Sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid synergistically promote sensory fate specification from bone marrow-derived pluripotent stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 4789–4794.
PubMed Link
Korbling, M. and 7 others. 2002. Hepatocytes and epithelial cells of donor origin in recipients of peripheral-blood stem cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 738–746.
PubMed Link
Kotch, L. E., S.-Y. Chen and K. K. Sulik. 1995. Ethanol-induced teratogenesis: Free radical damage as a possible mechanism. Teratology 52: 128–136.
PubMed Link
Krawczak, M., J. Reiss and D. N. Cooper. 1992. The mutational spectrum of single base-pair substitutions in messenger RNA splice junctions of human genes: Causes and consequences. Hum. Genet. 90: 41–54.
PubMed Link
Krishnan, A. V., P. Starhis, S. F. Perlmuth, I. Tokes, and D. Feldman. 1993. Bisphenol-A: an estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving. Endocrinol. 132: 2279–2286.
PubMed Link
Kubo, K., O. Arai, M. Omura, R. Watanabe, R. Ogata, and S. Aou. 2003. Low dose effects of bisphenol A on sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior in rats. Neurosci. Res. 45: 345–356.
PubMed Link
Kulikauskas, V., A, B, Blaustein and R. J. Ablin. 1985. Cigarette smoking and its possible effects on sperm. Fertil. Steril. 44: 526–528.
PubMed Link
Kulp, L. and J. Kulp. 2000. The Best I Can Be: Living with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-Effects. Better Endings/New Beginnings Press.
Kwong, W. Y., A. E. Wild, P. Roberts, A. C. Willis, and T. P. Fleming. 2000. Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 127: 4195–4202
PubMed Link
LaBarge, M. A. and H. M. Blau. 2002. Biological progression from adult bone marrow to mononucleate muscle stem cell to multinucleate muscle fiber in response to injury. Cell 111: 589–601.
PubMed Link
Lamb, J. 2002. Why you should ignore the baby bottle scare. http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/babybottle.html.
Lammer, E. J. and 11 others. 1985. Retinoic acid embryopathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 313: 837–841.
PubMed Link
Lammi, L, S. Arte, M. Somer, H. Jarvinen, P. Lahemo, I. Thesleff, S. Pirinen, and P. Nieminen. 2004. Mutations in AXIN2 cause familial tooth agenesis and predispose to colorectal cancer. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 1043–1050.
PubMed Link
Lapidot, T. and 9 others. 1994. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367: 645–648.
PubMed Link
Larsen, W. J. 2001. Human Embryology, 3rd Ed. Churchill-Livingstone, New York.
Lau, C. and J. M. Rogers. 2005. Embryonic and fetal programming of physiological disorders in adulthood. Birth Defects Res. C 72: 300–312.
PubMed Link
Lemoine, E. M., J. P. Harousseau, J. P. Borteyru and J. C. Menuet. 1968. Les enfants de parents alcoholiques: Anomalies observées. Oest. Med. 21: 476–482.
PubMed Link
Lengauer, C., K. W. Kinzler and B. Vogelstein. 1998. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature 396: 643–649.
PubMed Link
Lenz, W. 1962. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 1: 45. (First reported at a 1961 symposium.)
Li, G. and 7 others. 2002. Bone consolidation is enhanced by rhBMP-2 in a rabbit model of distraction osteogenesis. J. Orthop. Res. 20: 779–788.
PubMed Link
Li, W. J., R. Tuli, X. Huang, P. Laquerriere and R. S. Tuan. 2005. Multilineage differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in a three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold. Biomaterials 26: 5158–5165.
PubMed Link
Lillycrop, K. A., E. S.Phillips, A. A. Jackson, M. A. Hanson, and G. C. Burdge. 2005. Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring. J. Nutrition 135: 1382–1386.
PubMed Link
Lipshultz, L. and D. Adamson. 1999. Multiple-birth risk associated with in vitro fertilization: Revised guidelines. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282: 1813–1814.
PubMed Link
Livesey, F. J., J. A. O’Brien, M. Li, A. G. Smith, L. J. Murphy and S. P. Hunt. 1997. A Schwann cell mitogen accompanying regeneration of motor neurons. Nature 390: 614–618.
PubMed Link
Lois, S., E. J. Hong, S. Pease, E. J. Brown, and D. Baltimore. 2002. Germline transmission and tissue-specific expression of transgenes delivered by lentiviral vectors. Science 295: 868–872.
PubMed Link
Longnecker, M. P., M. A. Klebanoff, H. Zhou and J. W. Brock. 2001. Association between maternal serum concentration of DDT and metabolite DDE and pre-term and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth. Lancet 358: 110–114.
PubMed Link
Ma, L., G. V. Benson, H. Lim, S. K. Dey and R. Maas. 1998. Abdominal B (AbdB) Hoxa genes: Regulation in adult uterus by estrogen and progesterone and repression in Müllerian duct by the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). Dev. Biol. 197: 141–154.
PubMed Link
Maffini, M. V., A. M. Soto, J. M. Calabro, A. A. Ucci, and C. Sonnenschein. 2004. The stroma as a crucial target in mammary gland carcinogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 117: 1495–1502.
PubMed Link
Mak, V., K. Jarvi, M. Buckspan, M. Freeman, S. Hechter and A. Zini. 2000. Smoking is associated with the retention of cytoplasm by human spermatozoa. Urology 56: 463–466.
PubMed Link
Markey, C. M., M. A. Coombs, C. Sonnenschein and A. M. Soto. 2003. Mammalian development in a changing environment: Exposure to endocrine disruptors reveals the developmental plasticity of steroid hormone target organs. Evo. Dev. 5: 67–75.
PubMed Link
Marukawa, E., L. Asahina, M. Oda, L. Seto, M. Alam and S. Enomoto. 2002. Functional reconstruction of the non-human primate mandible using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 31: 287–295.
PubMed Link
McCaffrey, A. P. and 8 others. 2003. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference. Nature Biotech. 21: 639–644.
PubMed Link
McDonald, J. W. and 7 others. 1999. Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate, and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Nature Med. 5: 1410–1412.
PubMed Link
McGill, G. G. and 14 others. 2002. Bcl2 regulation by the melanocyte master regulator Mitf modulates lineage survival and melanoma cell viability. Cell 109: 707–718.
PubMed Link
McKeown, T. 1976. Human malformations: An introduction. Br. Med. Bull. 32: 1–3.
PubMed Link
McVeigh, E. and D. Barlow. 2000. Infertility: Causes, investigation, and management. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. http://www.els.net.
Miller, C., K. Degenhardt and D. A. Sassoon. 1998. Fetal exposure to DES results in de-regulation of Wnt7a during uterine morphogenesis. Nature Genet. 20: 228–230.
PubMed Link
Miller, W. H., Jr. and 7 others. 1992. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the rearranged retinoic acid receptor alpha clarifies diagnosis and detects minimal residual disease in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2694–2698.
PubMed Link
Miny, P., S. Tercanli and W. Holzgreve. 2002. Developments in laboratory techniques for prenatal diagnosis. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 14: 161–168.
PubMed Link
Mittendorf, R. 1995. Teratogen update: Carcinogenesis and teratogenesis associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Teratology 51: 435–445.
PubMed Link
Mooney, D. 2005. One step at a time. Nature 436: 468–469.
Moore, K. L. and T. N. N. Persaud. 1993. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Moore, K. L., T. V. N. Persaud and W. Schmitt. 1998. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Moritz. K., M. Diodic, and E. M. Wintour. 2003. Kidney development and the fetal programming of adult disease. BioEssays 25: 212–220.
PubMed Link
Moroni, M. C., M. A. Vigano and F. Mavilio. 1994. Regulation of human Hoxd-4 gene by retinoids. Mech. Dev. 44: 139–154.
PubMed Link
Mukhopadyay, G., P. Doherty, F. Walsh, P. R. Crocker and M. Filbin. 1994. A novel role for myelin-associated glycoproteins as an inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Neuron 13: 757–767.
PubMed Link
Muthukkaruppan, V. R. and R. Auerbach. 1979. Angiogenesis in the mouse cornea. Science 205: 1416–1418.
PubMed Link
Munoz-de-Toro, M. C. Markey, P. R. Wadia, E. H. Luque, B. S. Rubin, C. Sonnenschein, and A. M. Soto. 2005. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A alters peripubertal mammary gland development in mice. Endocrinology 146: 4138–4147.
PubMed Link
Nakayama, A., M. T. Nguyen, C. C. Chen, K. Opdecamp, C. A. Hodgkinson and H. Arnheiter. 1998. Mutations in microphthalmia, the mouse homolog of the human deafness gene MITF, affect neuroepithelial and neural crest-derived melanocytes differently. Mech Dev. 70: 155–166.
PubMed Link
Nakazato, T. K. Ito, Y. Ikeda, and M. Kizaki. 2005. Green tea component, catechin, induces apoptosis of human malignant B cells via production of reactive oxygen species. Clin Cancer Res. 11: 6040–6049.
PubMed Link
Nanni, L. and 16 others.1999. The mutational spectrum of the Sonic hedgehog gene in holoprosencephaly: SHH mutations cause a significant proportion of autosomal dominant holoprosencephaly. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8: 2479–2488.
PubMed Link
Newbold, R. R., E. P. Banks, B. Bullock and W. N. Jefferson. 2001. Uterine adenocarcinoma in mice treated neonatally with genistein. Cancer Res. 61: 4325–4328.
PubMed Link
NIH (National Institutes of Health). 2000. Stem Cells: A Primer. http://www.nih.gov/news/stemcells/primer.htm.
Nijhout, H. F. and S. M. Paulsen. 1997. Developmental models and polygenic characters. Am. Nat. 149: 394–405.
Nishigaki, R. and 8 others. 2002. An extra human chromosome 21 reduces mlc-2a expression in chimeric mice and Down syndrome. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295: 112–118.
PubMed Link
Nishimura, E. K., S. R. Granter, and D. E. Fisher. 2005. Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche. Science 307: 720–724.
PubMed Link
Nulman, I. and 8 others. 1997. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 258–262.
PubMed Link
O’Hara, M. F., J. H. Charelap, R. C. Craig, and T. B. Knudsen. 2002. Mitochondrial transduction of ocular teratogenesis during methylmercury exposure. Teratology 65: 131–144.
PubMed Link
Odent, S. and 10 others. 1999. Expression of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene during early human development and phenotypic expression of new mutations causing holoprosencephaly. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8: 1683–1689.
PubMed Link
Onodera, M. and 13 others. 1998. Successful peripheral T-lymphocyte-directed gene transfer for a patient with severe combined immune deficiency caused by adenosine deaminase deficiency. Blood 91: 30–36.
PubMed Link
Opitz, J. 1987. Prenatal and perinatal death: The future of developmental pathology. The Farber Lecture. Pediatr. Pathol. 7:363–394.
PubMed Link
Opitz, J. et al. 1987 Aneuploidy in mouse and man. In F. Vogel and K. Sperling (eds.), Human Genetics: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress, Berlin 1986. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 382–385.
Opitz, J. M., E. Gilbert-Barness, J. Ackerman and A. Lowichik. 2002. Cholesterol and development: The RSH (“Smith-Lemli-Opitz”) syndrome and related conditions. Pediatr. Pathol. Mol. Med. 21: 153–181.
PubMed Link
O’Rahilly, R. and F. Müller. 1992. Human Embryology and Teratology. Wiley-Liss, New York.
Osawa, M., K. Hamada, H. Hamada and H. Nakauchi. 1996. Long-term lympho-hematopoietic reconstitution by a single CD34-low/negative hematopoietic stem cell. Science 273: 242–245.
PubMed Link
Our Stolen Future (website). 2002. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/Myths/vomsaal.htm.
Palanza, P., K. L. Howdeshell, S. Parmigiani and F. S. vom Saal. 2002. Exposure to a low dose of bisphenol-A during fetal life or in adulthood alters maternal behavior in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. (Suppl.) 110(3): 415–422.
PubMed Link
Palmlund, I. 1996. Exposure to a xenoestrogen before birth: The diethylstilbestrol experience. J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol. 17: 71–84.
PubMed Link
Partington, M. W. 1959. Mother and daughter show the white forelock of Waardenburg’s syndrome. Arch. Dis. Childhood 34: 154–157.
Pellizzoni, L., B. Charroux and G. Dreyfuss. 1999. SMN mutants of spinal muscular atrophy patients are defective in binding to snRNP proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 11167–11172.
PubMed Link
Peng, H., V. Wright, A. Usas, B. Gearhart, H. C. Shen, J. Cummins and J. Huard. 2002. Synergistic enhancement of bone formation and healing by stem cell-expressed VEGF and bone morphogenetic protein-4. J. Clin. Invest. 110: 751–759.
PubMed Link
Pierce, G. B., R. Shikes and L. M. Fink. 1978. Cancer: A Problem of Developmental Biology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Ramanathan, R., M. F. Wilkemeyer, B. Mittel, G. Perides and M. E. Charness. 1996. Alcohol inhibits cell-cell adhesion mediated by human L1. J. Cell Biol. 133: 381–390.
PubMed Link
Ramos, J. G., J. Varayoud, C. Sonnenschein, A. M. Soto, M. Munoz De Toro and E. H. Luque. 2001. Prenatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A alters the periductal stroma and glandular cell function in the rat ventral prostate. Biol. Reprod. 65: 1271–1277.
PubMed Link
Reya, T. S., J. Morrison, M. F. Clarke, and I. L. Weissman. 2001. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414: 105–111.
Rideout, W. M. III, K. Hochedlinger, M. Kyba, G. Q. Daley and R. Jaenisch. 2002. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therapy. Cell 109: 17–27.
PubMed Link
Rifkin, J. 1998. The Biotech Century: Harnessing the Gene and Remaking the World. Tarcher/Putnam, New York.
Robboy, S. J., R. H. Young and A. L. Herbst,. 1982. Female genital tract changes related to prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure. In A. Blaustein (ed.), Pathology of the Female Genital Tract, 2nd Ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 99–118.
Roberts, J. P. 2002. Psst! Gene therapy research lives. The Scientist, June 24, 12–14.
Roth, D. A., N. E. Tawa, Jr., J. M. O'Brien, D. A. Treco, and R. F Selden. 2001. Nonviral transfer of the gene encoding coagulation factor VIII in patients with severe hemophilia A. N. Engl. J. Med. 344: 1735–1742.
PubMed Link
Rothman, K. J., L. L. Moore, M. R. Singer, U.-S. D. T. Nguyen, S. Mannino and A. Milunsky. 1995. Teratogenicity of high vitamin A intake. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 1369–1373.
PubMed Link
Ruberte, E. and 7 others. 1991. Retinoic acid receptors in the embryo. Semin. Dev. Biol. 2: 153–159.
PubMed Link
Rugg-Gunn, Ferguson-Smith, and R. A. Pedersen. 2005. Epigenetic stratus of human embryonic stem cells. Nature Genet. 37: 585–587.
PubMed Link
Sachs, L. 1978. Control of normal cell differentiation and the phenotypic reversion of malignancy in myeloid leukemias. Nature 274: 535–539.
PubMed Link
Sadler, T. W. and J. Langman, J. 2000. Langman’s Medical Embryology, 8th Ed. Lippincott/
Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Sai, T. and 11 others. 1990. An exonic point mutation of the androgen receptor gene in a family with complete androgen insensitivity. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 1095–1110.
PubMed Link
Sandberg, A. A. and Z. Chen. 2002. Cytogenetics and molecular genetics of human cancer. Am. J. Med. Genet. 115: 111–112.
PubMed Link
Scambler, P. J. 1997. Positional cloning and analysis of loci implicated in human birth defects. In P. Thorogood (ed.), Embryos, Genes, and Birth Defects. John Wiley, New York, pp. 33–47.
Schieve, L. A., H. B. Peterson, S. F. Meikle, G. Jeng, I. Danel, N. M. Burnett and L. S. Wilcox. 1999. Live-birth rates and multiple-birth risk using in vitro fertilization. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 282: 1832–1838.
PubMed Link
Schlumpf, M. and 14 others. 2004. Endocrine activity and developmental toxicity of cosmetic UV filters—an update. Toxicology 205: 113–122.
PubMed Link
Schnell, L. and M. E. Schwab. 1990. Axonal regeneration in the rat spinal cord produced by an antibody against myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitor. Nature 343: 269–272.
PubMed Link
Schönfelder, G., W. Wittfoht, H. Hopp, C. E. Talsness, M. Paul and I. Chahoud. 2002. Parent bisphenol A accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environ. Health Perspect. 110: A703–A707.
PubMed Link
Schröder, A. R., P. Shinn, H. Chen, C. Berry, J. R. Ecker and F. Bushman. 2002. HIV-1 integration in the human genome favors active genes and local hotspots. Cell 110: 521–529.
PubMed Link
Schwab, M. E. and P. Caroni. 1988. Oligodendrocyte and CNS myelin are non-permissive substrates for neuron growth and fibroblast spreading in vitro. J. Neurosci. 8: 2381–2393.
PubMed Link
Sengupta, S., D. Eavarone, I. Capila, G. Zhao, N. Watson, T. Kiziltepe, and R. Sasisekharan. 2005. Temporal targeting of tumor vascular cells and neovasculature with a nanoscale delivery system. Nature 436: 568–572.
Shackleton, M. and 8 others. 2006. Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 439: 84–88.
PubMed Link
Sharpless, N. and R. A. DePinho. 2005. Crime and punishment. Nature 436: 636–637.
PubMed Link
Shi, Q., E. Ko, L. Barclay, T. Hoang, A. Rademaker and R. Martin. 2001. Cigarette smoking and aneuploidy in human sperm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59: 417–421.
PubMed Link
Shimizu, M. and I. B. Weinstein. 2005. Modulation of signal transduction by tea catechins and related phytochemicals. Mutat. Res. 591: 147–160.
PubMed Link
Shweiki, D., A. Itin, D. Soffer and E. Keshet. 1992. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia initiated angiogenesis. Nature 359: 843–845.
PubMed Link
Silver, L. M. 1997. Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in the Brave New World. Avon, New York.
Singh, S. K. and 8 others. 2004. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature 432: 396–401.
PubMed Link
Skakkebaek, N. E. 2004. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: new epidemiological evidence. Int. J. Androl. 27: 189–191.
PubMed Link
Sonnenschein, C. and A. M. Soto. 1999. The Society of Cells: Cancer and the Control of Cell Proliferation. Bios Publishers, Oxford.
Sonnenschein, C. and A. M. Soto. 2000. Somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis: Why it should be dropped and replaced. Mol. Carconogen. 29: 205–211.
PubMed Link
Song, L. and R. S. Tuan. 2004. Transdifferentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. FASEB J. 18: 980–995.
PubMed Link
Soto, A., H. Justicia, J. Wray and C. Sonnenschein. 1991. p-nonylphenol: An estrogenic xenobiotic released from “modified” polystyrene. Environ. Health Perspect. 92: 167–173.
PubMed Link
Speroff, L. and M. A. Fritz. 2005. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Stapelberg, M., N. Gellert, E. Swettenham, M. Tomasetti, P. K. Witting, A. Procopio, and J. Neuzil 2005. a-Tocopheryl succinate inhibits malignant mesothelioma by disrupting the fibroblast growth factor autocrine loop: Mechanism and role of oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 25369–25376.
PubMed Link
Stern, H., S. Wiley, R. Matken, D. Karabinus and K. Blauer. 2002. Microsort™ babies: 1994–2002 preliminary postnatal follow-up results. Fertil. Steril. 78(S1): S133.
Sternlicht, M. D. and 8 others. 1999. The stromal proteinase MMP3/stromelysin-1 promotes mammary carcinogenesis. Cell 98: 137–46.
PubMed Link
Stevens, M. M., R. P. Marini, D. Schaefer, J. Aronson, R. Langer, and V. P. Shastri. 2005. In vivo engineering of organs: the bone bioreactor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 11450–
PubMed Link
Stewart, T. A. and B. Mintz. 1981. Successive generations of mice produced from an established culture line of euploid teratocarcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 6314–6318.
PubMed Link
Strelchenko, N., O. Verlinsky, V. Kukharenko, and Y. Verlinsky. Morula-derived human embryonic stem cells. Reprod. Biomed Online 9: 623–629. www.rbmonline.com/Article/1558.
Stock, G. 2002. Redesigning Humans: Our Incredible Genetic Future. Moughton Mifflin, Boston.
Stock, G. and J. Campbell (ed). Engineering the Human Genome: Summary Report. Science, Technology, and Society Program, UCLA. http://www.ess.ucla.edu:80/huge/report.html July 11 1998.
Streissguth, A. P. and R. A. LaDue. 1987. Fetal alcohol: Teratogenic causes of developmental disabilities. In S. R. Schroeder (ed.), Toxic Substances and Mental Retardation. American Association of Mental Deficiency, Washington, DC, pp. 1–32.
Studer, M., H. Pöpperl, H. Marshall, A. Kuroiwa and R. Krumlauf. 1994. Role of a conserved retinoic acid response element in rhombomere restriction of Hoxb-1. Science 265: 1728–1732.
PubMed Link
Sulik, K. K. 2005. Genesis of alcohol-induced craniofacial dysmorphism. Exp. Biol. Med. 230: 366–375.
PubMed Link
Sulik, K. K., C. S. Cook and W. S. Webster. 1988. Teratogens and craniofacial malformations: Relationships to cell death. Development 103 (Suppl.): 213–231.
PubMed Link
Swan, S. H., E. P. Elkin and L. Fenster. 2000. The question of declining sperm density revisited: An analysis of 101 studies published 1934–1996. Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 961–966.
PubMed Link
Tachibana, M and 9 others. 1994. Cloning of MITF, the human homolog of the mouse microphthalmia gene, and the assignment to human chromosome 3, region p14.1–p12.4. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3: 553–557.
Tagaki, Y. and 19 others. 2005. Dopaminergic neurons generated from monkey embryonic stem cells functuion in a Parkinson primate model. J. Clinical Invest. 115: 102–109.
PubMed Link
Tassabehji, M., V. E. Newton and A. P. Read. 1994. Waardenburg syndrome type 2 caused by mutations in the human microphthalmia (MITF) gene. Nature Genet. 8: 251–255.
PubMed Link
Thayer, S. P. and 13 others. 2003. Hedgehog is an early and late mediator of pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis. Nature 425: 851–856.
PubMed Link
Thomson, J. A., J. Itskovitz-Eldor, S. S. Shapiro, M. A. Waknitz, J. J. Swiegiel, V. S. Marshall and J. M. Jones. 1998. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 282: 1145–1147.
PubMed Link
Tiberio, G. 1994. MZ female twins discordant for X-linked diseases: A review. Acta Genet. Med. Gemellol. 43: 207–214.
PubMed Link
Timms, B. G. K. Howdeshell, L. Barton, S. Bradley, C. A. Richter, and F. S. vom Saal. 2005. Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 7014–7019.
PubMed Link
Ton, C. T. and 14 others. 1991. Positional cloning and characterization of a paired-box and homeobox-containing gene from the aniridia region. Cell 67: 1059–1074.
PubMed Link
Traggiai, E. L. Chicha, L. Mazzucchelli, L. Bronz, J.-C. Piffaretti, A. Lanzavecchia, and M. G. Manz. 2004. Development of a human adaptive immune system in cord blood cell-transplanted mice. Science 304: 104–107.
PubMed Link
Trounson, A. O. and D. K. Gardner (eds.). 2000. Handbook of In Vitro Fertilization, 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Valleix, S., C. Vinciguerra, J. M. Lavergne, M. Leuer, M. Delpech and C. Negrier. 2002. Skewed X-chromosome inactivation in monochorionic diamniotic twin sisters results in severe and mild hemophilia A. Blood 100: 3034–3036.
PubMed Link
van der Knapp, M. S. and 7 others. 2002. Mutations in each of the five subunits of translation initiation factor eIF2B can cause leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter. Ann. Neurol. 51: 264-270.
PubMed Link
Volpe, E. P. 1987. Developmental biology and human concerns. Am. Zool. 27: 697–714.
vom Saal, F. S. 2000. Very low doses of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals alters development in mice. Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Drinking Water Workshop. http://www.cheec.uiowa.edu/conferences/edc_2000/vom_saal.html.
Vom Saal, F. S. and C. Hughes. 2005. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Envir. Health Perspec. 113: 926–933.
PubMed Link
vom Saal, F. S., P. S. Cooke, D. L. Buchanan, P. Palanza, K. A. Thayer, S. C. Nagel, S. Parmigiani and W. F. Welshons. 1998. A physiologically based approach to the study of bisphenol A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior. Toxicol. Ind. Health 14: 239–260.
PubMed Link
Vortkamp, A., S. Pathi, G. M. Peretti, E. M. Caruso, D. J. Zaleske and C. J. Tabin. 1998. Recapitulation of signals regulating embryonic bone formation during postnatal growth and in fracture repair. Mech. Dev. 71: 65–76.
PubMed Link
Wagers, A. J., R. I. Sherwood, J. L. Christensen and I. L. Weissman. 2002. Little evidence for developmental plasticity of adult hematopoietic stem cells. Science 297: 2256–2259.
PubMed Link
Wang, K., C. V. Koprivica, J. A. Kim, R. Sivasankaran, Y. Guo, R. L. Neve and Z. He. 2002. Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a Nogo receptor ligand that inhibits neurite outgrowth. Nature 417: 941–944.
PubMed Link
Wang, X., M. Kiledjian, I. M. Weiss and S. A. Liebhaber. 1995. Detection and characterization of a 3¢ untranslated region ribonucleoprotein complex associated with human a-globin mRNA stability. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 1769–1777.
PubMed Link
Warren, K. R. and T.-K. Li. 2005. Genetic polymorphisms: Impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Birth Def. Res. A. 73: 195–203.
PubMed Link
Weaver, V. M., O. W. Petersen, F. Wang, C. A. Larabell, P. Briand, C. Damsky and M. J. Bissell.1997. Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin-blocking antibodies. J. Cell Biol. 137: 231– 245.
PubMed Link
Weidner, N., A. Blesch, R. J. Grill and M. H. Tuszynski. 1999. Nerve growth factor-hypersecreting Schwann cell grafts augment and guide spinal cord axonal growth and remyelinate central nervous system axons in a phenotypically appropriate manner that correlates with expression of L1. J. Comp. Neurol. 413: 495–506.
PubMed Link
Wetherill, Y. B., C. E. Petse, K. R. Monk, A. Puga and K. E. Knudson. 2002. Xenoestrogen bisphenol-A induces inappropriate androgen receptor activation and mitogenesis in prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 1: 515–524.
PubMed Link
Whisenant, J. and E. Bergsland. 2005. Anti-angiogenic strategies in gastrointestinal malignancies. Curr. Treat. Options Oncol. 6: 411–421.
PubMed Link
Wickelgren, I. 1999. Stem cells. Rat spinal cord function partially restored. Science 286: 1826–1827.
PubMed Link
Wilmut, I., K. Campbell and C. Tudge. 2000. The Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Wilmut, I. and 7 others. 2002. Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature 419: 583–586.
PubMed Link
Wisniewski, A. B., A. Cernetich, J. P. Gearhart, and S. L. Klein. 2005. Perinatal exposure to genistein alters reproductive development and aggressive behavior in male mice. Physiol. Behav. 84:327–334.
PubMed Link
Wolf, U. 1995. The genetic contribution to the phenotype. Hum. Genet. 95: 127–148.
PubMed Link
Wolf, U. 1997. Identical mutations and phenotypic variation. Hum. Genet. 100: 305–321.
PubMed Link
Xia, H., Q. Mao, H. L. Paulson and B. L. Davidson. 2002. siRNA-mediated gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Nature Biotech. 20: 1006–1010.
PubMed Link
Xu, Y., P.Liu, and Y. Li. 2005. Impaired development of mitochondria plays a role in the central nervous system defects of fetal alcohol syndrome. Birth Def. Res. A 73: 83–91.
PubMed Link
Xue, F. and 9 others. 2002. Aberrant patterns of X chromosome inactivation in bovine clones. Nature Genet. 31: 216–220.
PubMed Link
Ye, X. and 8 others. 1999. Regulated delivery of therapeutic proteins after in vivo somatic cell gene transfer. Science 283: 88–91.
PubMed Link
Yokoyama, T., N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins, C. A. Montgomery, F. F. Elder and P. A. Overbeek.1993. Reversal of left-right asymmetry: A situs inversus mutation. Science 260: 679–82.
PubMed Link
Zwaka, T. P. and J. A. Thompson. 2003. Homologous recombination in human embryonic stem cells. Nature Biotech. 21: 319–321.
PubMed Link